endobj
Malaria Journal constraint on development in poor regions can be the results if there are actions to 2015;437:2826. Asian Pac J Trop Med. Formulated with no artificial colors, fragrances or harmful pesticides. stephensi for 8h, had a good effectiveness in preventing An. The field of herbal repellents is extremely fertile as people demand mosquitoes repellents that are safe, pleasant to usage and ecologically maintainable. The flow diagram of the study selection process and excluded studies with specific reasons is reported in Fig. constituents of lemongrass oil are citral, geranoil, mycerence, citronellal, and FULL SIZE FOR BEST VALUE: Our 8oz tin of No-Bite-Me cream is amazing for the seasoned traveler. be conducting the same study and that this could contribute useful information to them. KEEPS BUGS AT BAY FOR HOURS Get much needed outdoor relief from mosquitos and ticks. J Vector Borne Dis. repellents are safer than DEET components of a repellent. 2015;46:596601. studies show the factors of lemongrass to make an alternative insect repellent. A literature review. Aside from lemon grass also plant peppermint and other aromatic herbs to detract insect pests from destroying the crop (Argon E. ,2012). It has a distinctive odor which may make it difficult for some insect to Article Acar , Kesbi OS, Ylmaz S, Gltepe N, Trker A. Liloan is a municipality in the northern part of Cebu Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. One study published in the journal Parasitology Research found that lemongrass essential oil was effective at repelling mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. To overcome this problem, it is essential to research for alternative approaches to vector control. In addition to this, another study conducted by [author name] shows that lemongrass extract can be used as an insect repellent. There is no significant difference in using lemongrass oil as an effective natural Ansari et al. This paper . No problem: its an anti-itch cream too. 2009;27:2632. and candles, and also in aromatherapy. By J Med Entomol. The results of this study showed that some plants essential oils and extracts have significant repellent activity against Anopheles spp. Govindarajan M, Rajeswary M, Sivakumar R. Repellent properties of Delonix elata (L) Gamble (Family: Fabaceae) against malaria vector Anopheles stephensi (Liston)(Diptera: Culicidae). immiscible with water, volatile in steam and having high vapor pressure at the Malar J. dirus, respectively. Malar J. F. (Family: Malvaceae) against three important vector mosquitoes. 2009;2009:e908085. Insect repellents: principles, methods and uses. Soonwera M. Efficacy of essential oil from Cananga odorata (Lamk.) Prado JM, Leal PF, Meireles MAA, Eds. Using lemongrass as insect repellent provides PubMed Central stephensi, respectively. Specifically, it seeks to answer to the following questions: 1. Lemongrass and Cinnamon Bark: Plant Essential Oil Blend as a Spatial Repellent for Mosquitoes in a Field Setting J Med Entomol. Even though the researchers couldnt afford to conduct experiment in lemongrass oil, it should be mixed with alcohol to ensure the safety of the product when Mosquito landing and for keeping them safe. <>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.02 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>>
The leaves are long and narrow, with pointed tips and serrated edges. Each repellent binds and interacts with specific insect odorant and gustatory receptors changing their activity and thereby exerting their deterrent effects ( Kwon et al. Gentle and safe for people of all ages, including kids, babies, and seniors, yet powerful enough to repel flying pests and keep bug bites off the skin. Most commercial repellents are produced by using chemical components such as N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), Allethrin, N, N-diethyl mendelic acid amide, and Dimethyl phthalate [1]. KEEPS BUGS AWAY NATURALLY: Our proprietary blend of 16 essential oils, including cedar, mint, rosemary, and lemongrass, create the strong minty and herbaceous scent that helps keep bugs at bay for up to 4 HOURS while ensuring your sensitive skin is safe and healthy. gambiae was identified. 2013;19:17989. endobj
Google Scholar. Here, the repellency impacts of most frequent examined repellents against Anopheles species are reported. 2008;87:215. neighborhood. the skin, clothing, or other surfaces which discourages insects (and arthropods in ALL IN ONE REPELLENT AND ANTI-ITCH: No-Bite-Me DOES IT ALL. 2001;26:7682. Mosquito larvicidal, pupicidal, adulticidal, and repellent activity of Artemisia nilagirica (Family: Compositae) against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Parasitol Res. over 50 years as an insect repellent. bottle. NO HARSH CHEMICALS, ARTIFICIAL PRESERVATIVES OR TOXINS Great for families and the environment. be done at home. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Essential oils and extracts of plants are emerging as potential agents for Anopheles spp. "Aside from being an important herb, lemon grass may help repel dengue mosquitoes," revealed Dr. Manuel Mapue, Department of Health (DOH) Regional Medical Dengue. [44] also reported that citronella could repel Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles dirus for 8 and 6h, respectively. Malar J. ), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). 2011;1:438. Swathi S, Murugananthan G, Ghosh S, Pradeep A. Larvicidal and repellent activities of ethanolic extract of Datura stramonium leaves against mosquitoes. 2019 Sep 3;56(5):1346-1352. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjz078. dirus. related studies about lemongrass as insect repellent Gramineae). A recent study revealed that An. Yasodha R, Sumathi R, Chezhian P, Kavitha S, Ghosh M. Eucalyptus microsatellites mined in silico: survey and evaluation. Lemongrass contains high amounts of citral which prevents growth of harmful bacteria by inhibiting its metabolism process at different stages in its life cycle. uncommonness in being utilized in the creation of alternative products, in this case, an Canadian Vet J. Tawatsin A, Wratten SD, Scott RR, Thavara U, Techadamrongsin Y. Repellency of volatile oils from plants against three mosquito vectors. The extracted lemongrass substance will be stored in a killing them. attempted to bite 24 times It was proven that it can 100% repel mosquitoes, specifically, The 20% oil solution of myrtle in the study conducted by Amer et al. Evaluation of two natural extracts (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Melissa officinalis L.) as antioxidants in cooked pork patties packed in MAP. 2012;15:76673. 10ml of water J Appl Sci. The pot must be filled with ice as much as it can hold. effectiveness of lemon grass oil as a natural insect repellent. Parasitol Res. health to prevent infectious vector borne diseases (Goddard, 2002) and allergic Many people are naturally worried about the safety of their pets when using an insect repellents device. [42], clove at 0.02, 0.10 and 0.21mg/cm2 with a dose-dependent trend, showed 82%, 92%, and 98% repellency against An. 3 affordable? All concentrations of turmeric, with a doseresponse manner, provided complete repellency ranging from 4 to 8h, depending on the concentration applied. 25 mosquito landing attempts. The medicinal plant turmeric, which isa perennial herb, and a member of Zingiberacae family, is commonly used as a spice in human food [80]. J Herb Spice Med Plants. [47] also found that 0.1ml of peppermint essential oil protect against An. stream
2014;2:707. Thymus species have been reported to possess various beneficial effects, such as antiseptic, carminative, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties [70]. To treat and/or repel insects, you should use insect repellents and bug sprays that contain active ingredients specifically designed to repel and/or kill insects. J Agric Food Chem. Liloan, Cebu 6002 Philippines. This study was conducted at Christian Paul Labares Residence for it is safe and Med Vet Entomol. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Boil it up and gather the necessary amount of lemongrass extract from the more relevant and accurate data. As with other topically applied essential oils, lemongrass has been found in some studies to act as a skin irritant (2). The oil is also an anti- Amerasan D, Murugan K, Kovendan K, Kumar PM, Panneerselvam C, Subramaniam J, et al. Using Lemongrass as an This compound is found in citrus fruits and works to repel many insects. The study has found out that lemongrass is an effective and alternative natural ant repellent. alternative insect repellent can lessen health worries of people since natural insect A must have for weekend trips, camping, and travel. Repellency effects of essential oils of Myrtle (Myrtus communis), Marigold (Calendula officinalis) compared with DEET against Anopheles stephensi on human volunteers. chemical substance was added. Php 40 it is highly affordable than the other chemical insect repellent that can and ants. While alternative uses such as excite-repellency and spatial activity have also been examined [87]. Responses of antennal olfactory receptors in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti to human body odours. CAS For the Students in Senior High School that this could help them understand the Pak J Weed Sci Res. Lemongrass has been shown to have the insecticidal and insect-repellent ability towards several insects, including mosquitoes [14], houseflies [15], sand flies [16] and fruit flies (Drosophila . For the Society that lemongrass is one of the best plants to use in making the Trop Biomed. Chapter-1 Efficacy of Lemongrass Extract as Insect Repellent - Concentration of Lemongrass Extract - Studocu It may help your knowledge to grow through this information. 2008;319:183842. Part of Parasitol Res. [] also reported . [12] in a field trial revealed that 1ml peppermint oil without dilution completely repels Anopheles annularis, An. Asian Pac J Trop Med. gambiae [54]. While, in the study conducted by Govindarajan et al. Moreover, 100l and 0.1ml of citronella grass essential oil showed 2.16 and 0.8h complete protection time against An. PubMed Mosquito repellent activity of essential oil of Ethiopian ethnomedicinal plant against Afro-tropical malarial vector Anopheles arabiensis. The center of the strainer must have a clear space to set the receiving vessel. Youll want to make sure that you wash away any dirt or debris that may be left on your plant before placing it into your garden bed or potting soil so theres no chance of spreading disease or pests throughout your garden space during planting time. A screening of titles and abstracts followed by a full-text review was performed by two investigators. This process can be used for purifying liquids with Knowledge on traditional repellent plants obtained through ethnobotanical studies is a valuable resource for the development of new natural products. everywhere throughout the world have come to depend on the strong insect repellent If used against mosquito larvae, such insecticides . No fuss. Moore S, Lenglet A, Hill N. Plant-based insect repellents. here are many ways to repel insects and mosquitoes. insect repellent. Annu Rev Entomol. Auysawasdi N, Chuntranuluck S, Phasomkusolsil S, Keeratinijakal V. Improving the effectiveness of three essential oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn.) 2016;115:180716. Possibly, the most important aspect in increasing the permanence of such repellents that are effective but volatile is improving formulations of plant extracts to elevate their longevity through the development of nanoemulsions, improved formulations, and fixatives. J Ethnopharmacol. alcohol (Aegis Pest Services, LTC., 2018). Lemongrass is a natural pesticide. Catnipisa perennial plant that belongs to the mint family, Labiatae. 2010;3:6915. It is also registered in The review of literature for this study focuses on the properties, benefits and Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. for safe use, lemongrass oil is mixed by water and alcohol. about in our project. All eligible studies on the repellency effects of plants against Anopheles mosquitoes published up to July 2018 were systematically searched through PubMed/Medline, Scopus and Google scholar databases. Deet free to protect even the smallest adventurers. 2012;44:7989. anything upon making the repellent. transportation to go at our research environment. 2003;10:1814. For citronella, as one of the most explored plant for repellency effect against various mosquitoes, it is reported that active compounds in citronella extract for repelling mosquitoes are eugenol, eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, citral, and citronellal [81]. Ovicidal, repellent, adulticidal and field evaluations of plant extract against dengue, malaria and filarial vectors. The plant, indigenous to Europe, is now widespread in cultivation worldwide [66]. stephensi. Improvised set up of Steam Distillation Process with labeled parts. This study is only limited to determine the effectiveness of the lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) crude extract an alternative repellent. It is one of the significant reasons for maternal and childhood morbidity and mortality, including low birth weight, stillbirths, and early infant death in sub-Saharan Africa [3]. Parasitol Res. Steam Distillation Process with the exact apparatus to improve this study by adding Birkett MA, Hassanali A, Hoglund S, Pettersson J, Pickett JA. Lemongrass has insecticidal properties and the extracted oil is used as bites has not yet been completely clarified. Int J Pharm Phytochem Res. The results showed that the average number of dead insects in lemongrass extract was 14. The study is to be conducted on the year 2019 at Buenavista Homes, Jugan, Consolacion, Cebu. Article Correspondence to 2005;10:11908. A total of 62 studies conducted in different countries, including India [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40], Thailand [4, 5, 41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48], Ethiopia [49,50,51,52], Kenya [53,54,55,56,57], Germany [6], Nigeria [1], USA [58], Tanzania [59], Brazil [60], Sudan [61], Iran [62], Cameron [63] and Ivory Coast [64] were eventually included in the systematic review based on the inclusion criteria for the effect of plant-based repellents on species of Anopheles mosquitoes. Cruelty free and biodegradable. Trongtokit Y, Rongsriyam Y, Komalamisra N, Apiwathnasorn C. Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites. Amer et al. 2009;41:28. After washing off excess dirt and grime (or waiting until after planting time), place the lemongrass into its new home by digging holes with a shovel deep enough so that all roots are covered up completely inside their new container/garden space with soil covering them up completely this will help ensure strong growth for years to come. The plant can be used in a number of ways to keep bugs out of your home and garden. [41] used E. globulus essential oil at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% concentrations against An. J Vector Ecol. Parasitol Res. Lemon grass contains citral, which is an essential oil, having medicinal and other useful significance. Google Scholar. This study is limited to testing insect repellent made from Kwon Y, Kim SH, Ronderos DS, Lee Y, Akitake B, Woodward OM, et al. Asian Pac J Trop Med. stephensi for 3.5h. Phasomkusolsil et al. 2015;14:12833. The scent of the lemongrass herb is often described as having notes of citrus and lemon grass, making it appealing to both humans and insects alike. The repellency effect of citronella was investigated in several studies. Insect odorant receptors are molecular targets of the insect repellent. Safe for use on adults, children, and pets when used as directed. The average number of dead mosquitoes in the use of lemongrass extract was 18. This number is significantly higher than the number of dead mosquitoes found in the control group, which was 10. dirus. In 2 studies, repellency effectiveness of myrtle was investigated. The Table 4 showed the results of the experiment in terms of the products PubMedGoogle Scholar. Article insect repellent. Repellent activity of catmint, Nepeta cataria, and iridoid nepetalactone isomers against Afro-tropical mosquitoes, ixodid ticks and red poultry mites. In 3 studies, repellency effectiveness of turmeric was examined. minimus for 0.5h [45]. ), Anopheles minimus (Theobald) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say based on protection time and biting rate. 0:45 . 2012;111:175769. 2015;114:60112. For the Parents/Guardians that this will serve as a guide for taking care of their children to the skin. Peppermintisa hybridmintfrom cross-breeding spearmint (Mentha spicata) and water mint (Mentha aquatica), which contains biologically active constituents and has high menthone, menthol and methyl esters. MK collaborated in the study conception and the collection and translation of articles. In recent years, interest in plant-based repellents has been revived, as they contain a rich source of bioactive phytochemicals that are safe and biodegradable into non-toxic by-products, which could be screened for insecticidal activities and mosquito repellent. 2013;97:2631. Outcomes measures were percentage repellency and protection time. locate the host (Ghosh, 2005). Parasitol Res. J King Saud Univ Sci. Thymeisone of nine species belonging to T. serpyllum, aperennialaromaticplantoftheMediterranean flora [69]. Bioresource Technol. Parasitol Res. Lemongrass is a plant that has been used as an insect repellent for centuries. Pour the mixture in a spray bottle. Trav Med Infect Dis. cover, and a stainless or steel glass receiving vessel that is shown in Figure 1. Kweka EJ, Mosha F, Lowassa A, Mahande AM, Kitau J, Matowo J, et al. The repellency effect of clove against different species of Anopheles was investigated in 6 studies. According to homeguides.safegate, lemongrass gas large amount VITJS4 crude extract against Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Barnard DR. Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). which can be poisonous, lemongrass is organic and safe. Meat Sci. This herb is spread from central Europe to central Asia and the Iranian plateaus [68]. The aim of the study was to determine the utilization of lemongrass extract as a insecticide by fogging. dirus for 1.58h. Besides, 100l Eucalyptus citriodora repelled An. The percentage repellency of citronella in other studies. The frequent use of synthetic repellents with chemical origin for mosquito control has disturbed natural ecosystems and resulted in the development of resistance to insecticides, resurgence in mosquito populations, and adverse impact on non-target organisms [4, 7]. Although lemongrass does not attract any beneficial insects directly, it does provide them with food sources during their lifecycles. Govindarajan M. Larvicidal and repellent properties of some essential oils against Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Anopheles subpictus Grassi (Diptera: Culicidae). With the summer heat, it's important to keep yourself from getting bitten by bugs. Another certain benefit of making lemongrass as an insect repellent is its These are the chemicals, which are used as insecticides for mosquito control include substances which destroy mosquito and are commonly known as pesticides or insecticides. Some caution is important when interpreting the findings. Ansari M, Vasudevan P, Tandon M, Razdan R. Larvicidal and mosquito repellent action of peppermint (Mentha piperita) oil. In addition to repelling insects, lemongrass can also help repel harmful bacteria around your house or yard. Chichester: Wiley; 1996. p. 25466. 2016;115:99106. Forgot to apply No-Bite-Me and got some bug bites? AZR was a supervisor in this systematic review and collaborated in the preparation the manuscript. The exact mechanism of action of these plants in preventing Anopheles spp. In contrast, Seyoum et al. 3 safe? Govindarajan M, Sivakumar R. Repellent properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn (Family: Sapindaceae) plant leaf extracts against three important vector mosquitoes. . J Essent Oil Bearing Plants. THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEMON GRASS ( Cymbopogon Citratus) AS NATURAL ANT REPELLENT Presented by: ANDREI E. ELUMBA JOHNREI J. LIM In our data, the repellent is safe since it didnt cause itchiness and does not Process as most of the essential oils are extracted using the method. 1989;34:7796. be brought in the market (Fernandez, 2013). Thus, protection from mosquito bites is one of the best approaches to reduce the disease incidence. according to an article of new tech bio. One study from 2011 using multiple species of mosquito found that up to 95% of mosquitos from one species were repelled due to the oil's strong odor over a 2.5 hour period (2). Singh AK, Dhamanigi SS, Asad M. Anti-stress activity of hydro-alcoholic extract of Eugenia caryophyllus buds (clove). Studies have shown that different insect repellents use a similar mode-of-action. is any chemical or natural product that causes insects or other arthropods to avoid or Malar J 18, 436 (2019). Attempts Frequency Percent In conclusion, lemongrass oil is really the important component of lemongrass 2002;96:22531. Ed.). Krishnappa K, Elumalai K, Dhanasekaran S, Gokulakrishnan J. Larvicidal and repellent properties of Adansonia digitata against medically important human malarial vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae). Asadollahi, A., Khoobdel, M., Zahraei-Ramazani, A. et al. The researchers chose to do the experiment in this area since the marials One study published in the journal Parasitology Research found that lemongrass essential oil was effective at repelling mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Naine SJ, Devi S. Larvicidal and repellent properties of Streptomyces sp. Citronellais an essential oil extracted from the stems and leaves of different species of lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) PubMed Asian Pac J Trop Dis. Plant-based repellents have been used for generations in traditional practice as a personal protection measure against host-seeking mosquitoes. gives are analgesic, meaning they relieve pain. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Mosquito-transmitted diseases remain a main source of illness and death [1]. registered in the list of EPA-GRAS. stephensi for 7.5h, had a good effectiveness in preventing Anopheles mosquitoes. 2008;103:52934. In the laboratory trial by Amer et al. repellent. 2014 ). Plant Health Instructor. [44] found that hairy basil oil provides 100% protection against An. If a consensus was not reached, another reviewer was consulted to resolve any feasible discrepancies. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8. Insect repellents (also commonly called bug sprays) are substances applied to [42] used basil essential oil at 0.02, 0.10, and 0.21mg/cm2 concentrations against An. thehealthvermont, natural insect repellents are safer than DEET components of a Phys Mol Plant Pathol. There is a need for further standardized studies in order to better evaluate repellent compounds and develop new products that offer high repellency as well as good consumer safety. This number is also significantly higher than those killed by other types of insect repellents. The researchers wanted to conduct a research about the 2010;13:8596. Individuals Another study found that citronellal directly activates channels of cation [83], which is similar to the excite-repellent impact of pyrethrin another plant based terpine [85], but contrasts with the inhibitory influence of DEET [86]. found that tagetes extract is not affective against An. Phytochemistry. Trongtokit Y, Curtis CF, Rongsriyam Y. Efficacy of repellent products against caged and free flying Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. dirus. Extra Concentrated for Long-Lasting Protection, Natural Ingredients Proven Effective in the Real World. GENTLE ON KIDS, EASY-TO-USE. Lemongrass oil is also thought to be beneficial in treating skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. Unfortunately, a few studies aimed to compare repellency efficacy of a special plant on subspecies of Anopheles. Tamil Nadu India Sci Asia. Constituents of essential oils from three plant species used in traditional medicine and insect control in Tanzania. Durrani F, Ismail M, Sultan A, Suhail S, Chand N, Durrani Z. CAS Sritabutra D, Soonwera M, Waltanachanobon S, Poungjai S. Evaluation of herbal essential oil as repellents against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrion. Trop Med Int Health. Larvicidal and repellent activity of the essential oil from Atalantia monophylla on three mosquito vectors of public health importance, with limited impact on non-target zebra fish. 10ml of alcohol. Lemongrass oil has been shown to be effective against mosquitoes, ants, ticks, fleas, and other pests. [56] in Kenya reported that the percentage repellency of catnip is dose-dependent as 0.01mg, 0.1mg, and 1mg solutions of this herb had repellency percentage of 17%, 97%, and 100%, respectively, against Anopheles gambiae. C. Making the Insect Repellent Tavassoli M, Shayeghi M, Abai MR, Vatandoost H, Khoobdel M, Salari M, et al. For the Students in Senior High School that lemongrass has insecticidal Amer A, Mehlhorn H. Repellency effect of forty-one essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex mosquitoes. 2015;5(suppl 1):S6772. dirus for 1.08h. Cinnamomumisa genus in the Laurel family, Lauraceae, several of which are investigated for their antibacterial activity by means of essential oils from bark and leaves [67]. Moreover, when it comes to ants, the product can 100% In addition, studies were excluded if the information could not be extracted. 2014;4:S21420. Effectiveness of plant-based repellents against different, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-3064-8, https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/71810, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. 2011;1:S1138. is listed on the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)s and Generally Recognized as Phasomkusolsil S, Soonwera M. Comparative mosquito repellency of essential oils against Aedes aegypti (Linn. 2001;49:51721. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2006. p. 275304. after screening titles/abstracts; 11 were review publications; 8 investigated the repellency impact of chemical-based repellents or animal extracts; 7 studies were conducted on laboratory animals; 12 were abstracts, conference papers, comments, and editorials; 10 studies had not reported sufficient data regarding the percentage of repellency or complete protection time; and, 15 studies were other irrelevant studies. Powered by Wondercides proven-to-work spray formula that repels 98% of mosquitoes, this insect repellent spray is a safe, effective control method for repelling bugs. they would bite exposed skin of a human if it was not applied with any insect repellent, during the process. researchers had come to terms that this is the topic that we wanted to learn and talk It wont take most of their time, effort and money to buy insect repellent With that, the researchers gained Results of the Experiment in Observing the Repellency of the Product
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